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Department of Agronomy, S.V. Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Tirupati-517 502.
A field experiment was carried out at dryland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Tirupati during rabi, 2022-23 to study the effect of soil and foliar application of nutrients on the performance of bold seeded groundnut. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that soil application of 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9) exhibited superior performance across all growth parameters such as plant height, dry matter production at 60 DAS and at harvest, yield attributes like number of pods plant-1 and hundred pod weight. Which resulted in significantly higher yield and economics and remained on par with 100
% RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8).
KEYWORDS: Foliar application, Bold seeded groundnut, Increasing RDF levels, Growth parameters and Yield attributes.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is known as king of vegetable oilseed crops and have vital role in meeting the demand of edible oil across the world. It is widely ассeрted аs the mоst imроrtаnt sоurсe оf nutritiоn tо bоth humаn аnd аnimаls due tо its high оil (45-50%), рrоtein (25%), саrbоhydrаtes (8-14%), minerаls, vitаmins А, B аnd sоme members оf B2 grоuр esрeсiаlly thiаmin аnd niасin.
Glоbаlly, it is сultivаted in аn аreа оf 26.4 M hа with аnnuаl рrоduсtiоn оf 37.1 M t аnd рrоduсtivity оf 1405 kg hа-1. In Indiа, grоundnut соvers аn аreа оf 6.09 M hа with а рrоduсtiоn оf 10.21 M t аnd рrоduсtivity оf 1676 kg hа-1 (FАО, 2020-2021). In Аndhrа Рrаdesh, it is сultivаted in аn аreа оf 8.69 lаkh hа with а рrоduсtiоn оf 7.74 lаkh tоnnes аnd рrоduсtivity оf 891 kg hа-1. (Direсtоrаte оf Eсоnоmiсs аnd Stаtistiсs, Gоvt. оf А.Р, Indiа, 2020-2021).
Zinc as a micro nutrient is largely act as an activator of several enzymes in plants and is directly play a role in the biosynthesis of growth substances such as auxin which aids in more plant cells. It had been reported that foliar spraying with Zn could correct Zn deficiency, improve plant growth, seed yield and oil with good quality in groundnut. Boron is associated with one or more of the processes viz:, calcium utilization, cell division, flowering and fruiting, water relations, and catalyst for certain reactions.
The iron fertilizers through foliar application also has been used to correct Fe chlorosis in certain situations with high pH or other environmental factors may affect by reducing root uptake of soil-applied Fe. Foliar feeding is usually the most effective and economical way to rectify plant nutrient deficiencies and enhance nutrient use efficiency with improved quality and lower environmental pollution through reduction of fertilizers added to soil.
Bold seeded groundnut kernels which are edible reffered as confectionary and hand picked selection and preferably consumed directly in view of its higher nutritive value. Hence premium edible groundnut has confectionary value with great demand all over the world. Large seeded groundnut in India has immense potential for exporting and earns foreign exchange. Exclusively lack of production techniques for confectionery groundnut in terms of plant density and nutrient management has restricted the scope for higher yields. Till today Hand Picked Selection (HPS) genotypes have been bred with an aim to obtain good varieties and however the attempt was not made for the generation of production technologies to exploit their potential.
The present experiment was conducted with an objective to find out an optimised nutrient management practice for higher yield of bold seeded groundnut.
The present investigation was carried out at dryland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, ANGRAU, Tirupati during rabi, 2022-23. The soil was neutral in reaction (6.9 pH) low in available nitrogen (133 kg ha-1) and high in available phosphorus (41 kg ha-1) and medium in
available potassium (228 kg ha-1) status. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design with three replications. Treatments includes : Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1), 100 % RDF (30:40:50 N, P2O5, K2O) (T2), 150 % RDF (45:60:75 N, P2O5, K2O)
(T3 ), 100 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T4), 150 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T5), 100 % RDF + Multi K (13-0-45) @ 0.5 % (T6), 150 % RDF + Multi K (13-0-45) @ 0.5 % (T7), 100 % RDF + Multi K (13-0-45) @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 %
+ FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8) and 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi K (13-0-45) @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9).The crop was sown at 30 × 15 cm spacing with a seed rate of 225 kg ha-1. In the experiment, the nutrients i.e, N, P2O and K2O were applied in the form of urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. For the treatment of Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1) 30 per cent higher nitrogen and 30 per cent lesser phosphorus to the RDF were applied as soil is lower in nitrogen and higher in phosphorus. However, the recommended dose of potassium was applied in T1 as the soil was medium in status. In T2, the Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (30 : 40 : 50 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1) were applied where as in T3, 150 % RDF ( 45 :60 :75 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1) were applied. In treatments of T4 and T5, ZnSO4 @ 50 kg ha-1 and Boric acid @ 10 kg ha-1 were applied at the time of ploughing, before basal fertilizer dose application. In treatments of T6 and T7, Multi K (13-0-45) @ 5 ml l-1 applied as foliar application at 30 DAS and 60 DAS. In treatments T8 and T9, Multi K (13-0-45) @ 5 ml l-1 + zinc sulphate @ 2 g l-1 + ferrous sulphate @ 5 g l-1 + boric acid @ 1 g l-1 were applied as foliar application at 30 and 60 DAS.The data recorded on various parameters of crop was statistically analysed following the analysis of variance for randomized block design as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985).
Application of 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4@ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9) resulted in the tallest plants and highest dry matter production which was significantly superior over rest of treatments. however on par with 100 % RDF + Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8). The next best treatments were 150 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T5), which was however comparable with 150 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T7), 100 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T4) and 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T6), Growth characters were found to be lowest with 150 % RDF (T3) however which comparable with 100 % RDF (T2) and Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1) might be due to improvement in nutrient availability in a balanced proportion, in particular of iron, zinc ,boron nitrogen and potassium supplied through foliar application might have substantially improved photosynthetic activity and inturn plant growth and dry matter. Further, the better performance of the crop could be attributed due to more cell division, carbohydrates metabolism and increased growth of meristem tissues. The shortest plants lowest dry matter observed with the Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1) might be due to lesser availability of sufficient quantity of nutrients for crop growth compared to supply of 100 per cent RDF and 150 per cent RDF. The results are in close conformity with the findings of Padagasali et al. (2019), Baloch et al. (2015) and Keerio et al. (2020).
Regarding the yield attributes viz., number of filled pods plant-1, hundred pod weight and hundred kernel weight were obtained with application of 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9) followed by application of 100 % RDF + Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8). The next best treatment was 150 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T5). However on par with 150 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T7), 100 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T4) and 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T6). The deflated stature of all the above yield attributes were recorded with 150 % RDF (T3) which was in parity with 100 % RDF (T2) and Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1). This might be due to the increased dry matter production and efficient translocation of photosynthates to the pod as a result of better availability coupled with efficient utilization of both macro and micro nutrients owing to ample supply of nutrients through soil and foliar application during pod development stage. Further highest pod weight might be due to zinc, iron and boron supplied through foliar sprays. Zinc helps in proper functioning of many enzymes involved in synthesis of nucleic acids required for crop growth and development and increased starch accumulation in seed. These results are in agreement with the findings of Muzzammil Hussain Siddiqui et al. (2009).
The highest pod and haulm yield of bold seeded groundnut was recorded with 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % +
FeSO4 @ 0.5 + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9), which was on par with 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % +FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8) significantly higher than rest of treatments. The next best treatment was 150 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T5), which was however, comparable with 150 % RDF + Multi K (13-0-45) @ 0.5 % (T7), 100 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T4) and 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T6). These were distinctly superior to 150 % RDF (T3) and 100 % RDF (T2) which were statistically on par with each other. Application of Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1) resulted in lowest pod, kernel and haulm yield of bold seeded groundnut. The increase in pod yield, haulm and kernel yield of bold seeded groundnut attributed to the concomitant influence of available nutrients from soil and their efficient extraction by the plant, which appears to have provided the plants with a favourable nutritional environment. Application of boron, zinc and iron might have lead better growth and development of pods and dry matter accumulation. As boron plays a vital role in the reproductive development of the bold seeded groundnut crop there by increased the pod yield. These results are in agreement with the findings of Gowthami et al. (2004). Lowest pod yield observed with Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1) might be due to the situation of insufficient macro and micronutrients availability to meet the crop demand for pod development
The highest net returns and benefit- cost ratio were realized with 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9) which was on par with 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % +FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8) which were significantly higher compared to rest of the treatments. The next best treatment was 150 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T5) which was however on par with the 150 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T7) followed by 100 % RDF + 50 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + 10 kg Boric acid ha-1 (T4) and 100 % RDF + Multi K @ 0.5 % (T6). The gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio obtained with 150 % RDF (T3) were in parity with 100 % RDF (T2) and Soil Test Based Fertilizer application (T1), which resulted in the lowest net returns.
In conclusion, the investigation revealed that higher pod yield of groundnut as well as economic returns could be realized with application of 150 % RDF + foliar application of Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T9) was proved to be promising nutrient management practices
for higher yield and economics of groundnut which was however comparable with 100 % RDF + Multi (13-0-45) K @ 0.5 % + ZnSO4 @ 0.2 % + FeSO4 @ 0.5 % + Boric acid @ 0.1 % (T8).
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